Enthalpy Lab

LAB OF ENTHALPY CHANGE IN COMBUSTION Objective: Determine the Enthalpy change of combustion ? Hc of three different alcohols. Methanol, Ethanol and Isopropilic acid. Procedure: 1. Fill the spirit micro burner with Ethanol and weight it 2. Pour 100 cm3 of water into the aluminum cup 3. Arrange the cup a short distance over the micro burner 4. Measure the temperature of water 5. When the temperature of the water has risen by 10 °C, record the temperature. 6. Reweight the microburner. Record 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 but now with Methanol 8.Repeat step 1 to 6 with Isopropilic acid. Data and Processing Alcohols | Initial mass of microburner fill with alcohol (g) ± 0. 01| Final mass of microburner fill with alcohol (g) ± 0. 01| Initial temperature of water( °C) ± 0. 1| Final temperature of water( °C) ± 0. 1| Volume of water in metallic calorimeter (cm3)  ±0. 5| Ethanol | 5. 38| 5. 08| 23. 0| 33. 0| 100. 0| Methanol | 5. 33| 4. 94| 24. 0| 34. 0| 100. 0| Isopropolic acid | 5. 4 5| 5. 20| 24. 0| 34. 0| 100. 0| Find the mass of water ?=mv ? (density) H2O = 1. 0 g /cm3 Calculate % Uncertainty in mass of waterAs the mass of water is the same in the 3 alcohols the %uncertainty is the same for all the alcohols Absolute uncertainty of the measuring cylindermass of water ? 100 Calculating ? mass change (alcohol’s burned mass) (initial mass  ± 0. 01 g)-(final mass  ± 0. 01 g) Calculating percentage uncertainty in alcohol burned mass Absolute uncertainty of alcohol's burned massalcohol's burned mass ? 100 Calculate the percentage uncertainty of alcohol burned moles percentage uncertainty of alcohol burned mass+percentage uncertainty of alcohol`s molar mass Calculating ?H (enthalpy change) ?H=-mass of water x specific heat of water x ? T of water mol of alcohol * The specific heat for water is 4. 18 =100Ãâ€"4. 184x 10=4,184 J or 4,184 KJ exothermic Methanol= * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 23 °C Mass (i) methanol= 5. 38g * tf= H2O=33 °C Mass ( f) methanol= 5. 08 g ?T= TF-TI= ?T= 10 °C Calculating mass change ?m=mi-mf= 5. 38-5. 30=0. 30g ?m=? mMr=0. 3032. 04=0. 009 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 009=-464888. 9jmol % uncertainity(balance)= ±0. 020. 30x 100=6. 67 % % uncertainity(thermometer )= ±110x 100=10 % %error=-726000-(-464888. )-726000x 100=36% Qualitative Observations We could see from the burn of methanol that the flame owas of color orange red, moreover therewere not dirt in the bottle. Ethanol * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 24 °C Mass (i) ethanol= 5. 33 g * tf= H2O=34 °C Mass (f) ethanol= 4. 94 g ?T= TF-TI= ?T= 10 °C Calculating mass change ?m=mi-mf= 0. 39 g 5. 33-4. 94= 0. 39 g ethanol 0. 3946. 07 g/mol=0,008 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 008=-523,000jmol % uncertainity(balance)= ±0. 020. 39x 100=13 % % uncertainity(thermometer )= ±110x 100=10 % %error=-1360000-(-523000. 0)-1368000x 100=61. % Qualitative Observations We can observe a lost of weight during the experiment, moreover the flame was orange blue but with a big strong orange , it didn’t burn complete therefore show dirt in the cup. Isopropolic acid * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 24 °C Mass (i) = 5. 45 g * tf= H2O=34 °C Mass (f) ethanol= 5. 20g ?T= TF-TI=10 c ?m=mi-mf= 0. 25 g Isopropolic acid 0. 25 60,1g/mol=0,004 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 04=-1,046,000jmol % uncertainitybalance= ±0. 020. 25x 100=8% % uncertainity(thermometer )= ±110x 100=10 % %error=-2006. 9-(-1046. 0)-2006. 9x 100=47. 9% At last, the alcohol used was Isopropilic acid. The flame with this alcohol was the strongest flame, it was very strong, was very yellow at the top and blue at the bottom. * We could also notice that all the 3 alcohols produced Soot. (is a general term that refers to impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion) Conclusion = As we know the finality of the lab was to find the enthalpy change in the three alcohol; methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol.. Enthalply change is to see or measure up the toal energy of t hermodynamic system.Focusing in the result we got the actual enthalpy change with a smaller value in the theoretical this is because during the experiment there was a lot of energy lost mostly in the heat . the percentage of uncertainty could be also emphasize that the heat was lost due to we didn’t aggregate in precise way the distance between the flame and the micro burner, and percentage error was high because the heat was transfereedto the materials in the system not only to the water . Moreover from the qualitative observations we could conclude out it there was a complete or incomplete combustions.Methanol got a complete combustion since there was no soot under the cup,therefore carbol dioxide was realeased. 2CH4O (1) + 3O2 (G) = 2CO2(g) + 4H2O (I) Ethanol case was different we see that some sootappeared in the cup, therefore carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide . C2H6O (I)+ 3O2(G)= 2CO2 (g)+3H2O (I) C2H6O (I)+ 3O2(G)= 2CO(g)+3H2O (I) Isopropilic Acid ,there was soot prod uced in the experiment, there was a incomplete combustion there was more carbon moxide produced than carbpn dioxide Errors Complete combustion was not completed because of the lack of oxygen available.The micro burner had a little wick which affects the intensity of the flame The distance between the micro burner and the metallic calorimeter varies. So its no a fair experiment Heat was lost to the surrounding and the aluminum cup absorbed some of it. Improvements Use aluminum foil for a next trial to keep the flame and the base of the cup insulated from the surroundings. Measure an exact distance and keep it constant for all trials. For a next trial uses a longer wick that will provide a more intense flame that wont run out Try to provide an adequate oxygen supply that would be suitable for lab conditions.

Marketing Case Study with Questions and Answers

CHAPTER 13: THE MARKETING OF SERVICES ADDITIONAL CASE STUDY NEW LINE IN MOBILE PHONES One of the oldest principles of marketing is that sellers may sell features, but buyers essentially buy benefits. This is a distinction sometimes lost on technology led organisations, and the service sector is no exception. Recent experience of the UK’s largest telecommunications company, Vodafone Airtouch, illustrates how crucial it is to see service offers in terms of the benefits they bring to customers.The company was aware of extensive research which had found high levels of confusion among purchasers of mobile phones, with a seemingly infinite permutation of features and prices. With four main networks to choose from, dozens of tariffs and hundreds of handsets, it easy to see why buyers sought means of simplifying their buying process. Throughout the 1990s, Vodafone had positioned its UK network as superior technically to its competitors. Advertising focused on high coverage rates and c all reliability. Vodafone was the UK's most popular mobile phone operator, with almost eight million customers, including 4. million Pay as you Talk customers. It had opened the UK's first cellular network on 1 January 1985and was the market leader since 1986. Vodafone's networks in the UK – analogue and digital – between them carried over 100 million calls each week. It took Vodafone more than 13 years to connect its first three million subscribers but only 12 months to connect the next three million. Vodafone had the largest share of the UK cellular market with 33% and had more international roaming agreements than any other UK mobile operator. It could offer its subscribers roaming with 220 networks in 104 countries.Despite all of the above, Vodafone was aware that although it was recognised as an extremely strong business in the corporate marketplace, it was not so strong in the market for personal customers. Research indicated that personal buyers bought Vodafone for essentially rational reasons rather than having any emotional attachment to the brand. The success of the competing Orange network, which had developed a very strong image, was a lesson to Vodafone that many people did not understand many of the product features on offer, but instead identified with a brand whose values they could share.Vodafone recognised that it needed to be perceived as adding value to a consumer’s lifestyle?. Given the increasing complexity of product features, positioning on technical features was likely to make life more confusing for personal customers. An alternative approach was needed which focused on image and lifestyle benefits. The company decided to hire Identica – the consultancy that originally created the One 2 One brand – to revamp its brand communications and advertising strategy in an effort to make Vodafone more appealing to personal customers.Identica created a new ‘visual language’ for the Vodafone brand. Vodafone became involved in the biggest ever TV, press, poster and radio advertising campaign in its 15 year history. Employing a completely new style, the new advertising centred around the theme: ‘You are now truly mobile. Let the world come to you' and featured a new end-line – Vodafone YOU ARE HERE. The campaign demonstrated how Vodafone's products and services were designed to make life easier for its customers. The campaign, created by BMP DDB, was worth ? 20 million over two months alone and ran for the whole year.Bringing meaning to the Vodafone brand and what it represented, a series of advertisements, through a range of media, showed how Vodafone let the world come to its customers, enabling them to be truly mobile. This portrayed how Vodafone always pioneered to make things more possible for its customers in a wire-free world. In press and poster executions, Vodafone used arrows photographed in various real life situations to depict its flagship services, e. g. a weather vane was used to illustrate the Vodafone Interactive weather service showing how weather information could be brought to customers through their mobile.Each advertisement again had the Vodafone YOU ARE HERE end-line. The arrows indicated the directional approach of Vodafone, letting the world come to the customer. Other executions illustrated cinema listing information, sports updates, share price information, international roaming and the Vodafone Personal Roadwatch 1800 service. The change in emphasis by Vodafone seemed to be timely. The mobile phone industry was facing a new wave of confusing product features hitting consumers, with the development of Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) phones and the newer â€Å"Third generation† phones due to be launched in 2001.It seemed inevitable that all of the competing networks would be offering confusing permutations of features with their service, so Vodafone calculated that, given similar levels of reliability and sophis tication by all networks, a favourable image and lifestyle association would be an important source of competitive advantage. Given the right image with existing technology, there would be a strong probability that consumers would migrate with the brand to the new technology when it arrived. Source: adapted from Vodafone Image Shift†, Marketing, 4th May, 2000 and Vodafone Home Page, http://www. vodafone. co. uk ADDITIONAL CASE STUDY REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Identify the principal benefits to customers which derive from a mobile phone. What differences are likely to exist between market segments? 2. Is a strong brand identity on its own a source of sustainable competitive advantage? To what extent must this be backed up by real product features? 3. Are goods different to services in the way that a distinction is made between features and benefits?

Ethics Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ethics Critique - Essay Example According to psychological research, moral judgments are shaped by the human mind and behavior (Ross, et al.345). On the same note, moral judgments are influenced by what a person perceives to be right or wrong. In this respect, the issues of ethics moral, norms, and ethics emerge. These three issues vary from one person to another for differentiated reasons, among them individual growth and development, cultural effects, and the impact of the society on an individual. Therefore, based on the work of the mind and the underlying human behavior, a person can make moral judgments that do not necessarily match those that might be made by another person. Psychological research essentially explains how human beings make moral judgments, based on the human mind and behavior (Ross, et al.358). The right or wrong factor at an individual level is accounted for, alongside virtues and ethics that are also based on the human mind and behavior. The link between all the aforementioned variables can help in explaining the thoughts, judgments, or actions that an individual, or society for that matter, undertakes regarding any given situation or condition. In this respect, judgments or actions by human beings can be justified through psychological research. In understanding how human beings act, feel, and think prior to making moral judgments, psychological research factors in a number of variables that influence the whole process. To start with, human beings must be aware of some given form of morals in order to enable them make moral judgments. In other words, they must be in a good position to distinguish between right and wrong. This aspect is shaped by the environment, behavior, culture, and society among other variables. Once the human being is potentially in a position to differentiate right and wrong, the issue of moral

History of the Dominican republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of the Dominican republic - Essay Example Being a close ally to Trujillo, Belaguer was appointed the President of the Republic. He wanted to run politics in his own way and allied himself with various political groupings in the Armed Forces but he failed to overthrow the government and sought refuge at Nuncio’s residence. Bosch took over power in 1962. The subsequent regime that took over after Bosch was also marred with widespread corruption and dictatorship. Balaguer was the leader of Partido Reformista Social Cristiano (PRSC). As a president he imposed semi-dictatorship rule and he was an undisputed authoritarian ruler. Balaguer was a major intermediary between the national elite, the Dominican people, and the United States. Blaguer only enjoyed support in the local regions. On the other hand, he was never popular in the capital that had the largest concentration of population. The city was dominated by PRD as well as other leftist political factions. Balaguer’s regime was characterized as a feeble democracy since it undermined the consolidation of democracy. He controlled the national budget, the Congress, and the security forces, in addition to skillfully manipulating the political process. Balaguer was only concerned with power in spite of the means necessary to attain it. He assassinated his opponents and instructed his security forces to fire at protesters. The reformist middle classes and militant working classes supported the establishment of liberal democracy. Therefore, Balaguer’s Bonapartism was due to the political vacuum that was created by the failure of the Dominican elites to face the rise of a contentious society. The political history of the Dominican Republic is marked by fragmentation and disorganized civil society. Besides that, the conservative elites dominated the exclusionary political regimes that suppressed democracy. Joaquin Balaguer has been active in the Dominican politics

Reasons for the Apparent Rise of New Religious Movements Assignment

Reasons for the Apparent Rise of New Religious Movements - Assignment Example The phenomenon behind new religious movements (NRMs) is, arguably, not new, since NRM is concerned with a groups of religious bodies or movements that entail an isolated and particular set of attributes, that have been assigned to the fringes of the dominant religious culture and by elements within the secular culture, in context of a set of religious movements that exist in a relatively contested society as a whole. It has been observed that "[m]any religious movements were born and prospered, either as the development of well-known religious traditions or as the result of a syncretic approach to different religions. In many cases their doctrines and practices differed widely from those of the mainstream religions: moreover, the "closed" structure of some of these groups, the unconventional behavior of their members, and some tragic events in which they were involved gave rise to considerable social alarm" (Ferrari, 2006, p.2). Thus, the NRMs have in many cases appropriated the anti -systemic feelings in an efficient manner and have successfully channelized into themselves in order to achieve their (un)declared goals vis--vis legitimate social and political institutions. II. When Religion Returns to a Haunted New World Order Interestingly, NRMs are often identified as 'sect' in a number of European languages "("secure" in French, "settle" in Italian, "sea" in Spanish, "Sekte" in German)" (Ferrari, 2006, p.2). Mostly, such sects are formed by a "group of dissenters who separated from a larger religious group" and popularly indicated as a collection of a "narrow-minded and fanatical group of people" (ibid, p.2).

Mobile Computing and Social Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mobile Computing and Social Networking - Essay Example For the same reason, health industry has always been a hot spot for research and development thereby attracting lots of investment and renovation. Monitoring of Patient Vital Signs Technology has revolutionized the health care sector to such an extent that one’s blood pressure, blood sugar levels, oxygen levels or respiratory levels all can be measured using mobile technology. Thus the perils of a patient travelling to a doctor’s office for these physiological states to be tested, manual documentation of the readings by a nurse or a clinician and the occurrence of errors while recording the readings etc can be avoided. Above all the greatest advantage is saving the most valuable resource- time. A scenario resembling a science fiction movie where sensors implanted under ones skin detects ones blood sugar level and alerts the doctor is not very far if technological explosion happens at this pace. Today’s technology has made patient’s care very effective. Sma rt phones and broad band enabled devices has allowed patients to do their own monitoring of vital signs and body functions and upload them to their medical provider’s clinical servers. Videoconferencing with their doctor via phones is possible. Not only the patients but also the hospitals are benefitted by the technology. Devices like ECG machines, ventilators, oxygen sensors, blood pressure sensors are connected to the hospital server that records and transmits to the doctor or the nurse to ensure the best care possible. As Shahriyar, Bari, Kundu, Ahamed and Akbar (2010) point out, the use of bio sensor based mobile monitoring system collects data from the patients, mines the data, predicts the patient’s health status, and provides feed back through their mobile phones. So they can access their health information anywhere and anytime. This monitoring system is called Intelligent Mobile Health Monitoring System (pp. 5-6). Advantages As Smith (2011) points out, enhanced patient doctor interaction, accessibility of health care to geographically remote patient, greater exchange of information, increased accuracy of patient records, saving time with diagnosis and treatment of illness, freedom of patience from smoldering hospital rooms and cumbersome medical devices are some of the advantages of monitoring vital signs using mobile computing technology. Wireless networking enables the transmission of signals from the monitor of an ambulance to the emergency room so that the staff is alert to treat the patient as soon as they arrive. The use of mobile technology informs the doctor about the early symptoms of his patients before acute attacks occurs. This is a boon to patients who are reserved in nature as they can express their problems without face to face interaction with the doctor. Doctors also can provide more assistance regarding the treatment and medication which otherwise would have been shortened due to lack of time. Doctors are benefitted in a way that they can focus more on priority tasks. These technologies make the health care system personalized and thereby improve its quality. Disadvantages This technological advancement may not be always an easy task for not so technologically savvy people, especially the older generation. The chances of going offline can cause unprecedented delay in communication between the doctor and the patient. There is a high risk of patient

Business Strategy in Global Environment Assignment

Business Strategy in Global Environment - Assignment Example The use of principles that simplify, reduce, and prescribe is an enduring feature of writings on business strategy. The writings of von Clausewitz and de Jomini outline a continuum between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to strategy. The Canadian management scholar Henry Mintzberg uses this distinction in Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management (1998), written with Bruce Ahlstrand and Joseph Lampel. 10. The configuration school, which views strategy as a process of transforming the organisation -- it describes the relative stability of strategy, interrupted by occasional and dramatic leaps to new ones. "Mintzberg and his colleagues classify the voluminous writings on management strategy into 10 different "schools." The first three of these, in order of their emergence, include the design school (mainly associated with Professor Ken Andrews and the Harvard Business School), the planning school, and the position school (of which Harvard's Michael Porter is the best-known exponent). These schools are analytical and prescriptive. For example, H. Igor Ansoff's Corporate Strategy: An Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion (1965), the classic planning text, is full of complex flow diagrams. For those with the planning mind-set, strategy is formulated through a controlled, conscious, explicit process conducted by the CEO (and a group of planners) in a top-down, formal fashion and emerges fully formed from this process ready for implementation. " (David K. Hurst) However, this classic planning approach to strategy suffered a deathblow in the 1970s when

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES - Essay Example Moreover, the implementation plans become effective because they are based on priorities. The most important plans are executed first before considering the other plans based on a predetermined manner of ranking such priorities. Incorporation of short-term objectives to the functional tactics enhances the need of accomplishing implementation plans with urgency. Policies play a major role in the success of an enterprise. Their development aids in the protection of all the stakeholders of an organization through the principles they provide. Policy development leads to the development of an ethical structure followed by an organization for its success. The development of the policies also ensures an organization’s capacity as a going concern because they provide continuity for the organization over a long period (Blyth, 2009). Moreover, through the development of such relevant policies, an organization experiences effective management and accountability in its system. This occurs through the adoption of the principles and remaining committed to them as per the policies. Such principles are consistent and equitable, thus affecting the performance of an

Shot answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shot answer - Essay Example Even invalid arguments can conclude something that is technically valid. If stated simply, all sound arguments are also valid arguments but not all the valid ones are sound. A sound argument comprises of reasons that are all valid and have true premises. However, a valid argument is simply a deductive analysis and may sometimes be based on invalid reasoning. John Wisdom believes the religion is more of a feeling related to the working of the universe while science is an explanation. He says that explanations can never be on the basis of what someone feels. Thus, he calls the two of them different. In contrast, Einstein believes the science and religion are interlinked and the religious attitude is the best motivation for people to carry on with the scientific research. That is why the best philosophers are the ones who understand the religion before they turn towards the field of science. Thus, he is of the opinion that the two can work together very well. There are three different kinds of arguments present. The first is the theism that says that there are enough evidences present around us to believe in existence of the gods. Secondly, there is atheism which says that there are countless evidences present for believing in the non-existence of god. Lastly, there is agnosticism which suggests that the evidences present are insufficient to support neither theism nor atheism. Anselm argues that he understands God to be a supreme being and that there is no possible force greater than God’s in this universe. However, he says that if the existence of God was only in the mind, then any being found in reality is surely to have greater power over the God who is only a figment of imagination. However, if we believe that there can be God is the greatest being then we must also believe that it exists as well. He objects that if Anselm’s argument is to be considered and accepted, then all other sound

Exploitable Weakness Terrorist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploitable Weakness Terrorist - Assignment Example In a survey carried out between 1968 and 2006 by Jones & Libicki (2008) on terrorist groups that had become extinct, changing to political processes was most instrumental accounting for 43% of all endings. This was closely followed by policing strategies at 40% while those that ended due to achieving of goals and military intervention stood at 10% and 7% respectively. Exploiting the inherent weaknesses within terrorist groups is vital for putting in place strategies that are effective in bringing them down since different strategies work in different contexts (Cronin, 2006). With the emergency of many terrorist and insurgent groups globally, resources to combat them are being depleted and therefore the use of effective strategies to eliminate them is very important (Jones & Libicki, 2008). The biggest challenge presently is metamorphosis of these groups into virtual organizations that integrate into the society and operate globally. As much as metamorphosis of these groups is a challenge, their effective annihilation lies in understanding their nature and how they operate (Blomberg, Engel & Sawyer, 2010). Groups that do not convert to political activism but cling to other ideals like religious and radicalization can only be terminated through policing strategies and economic sanctions. Use of military force on such groups by governments only resu lts in exacerbation of their violence and turning civilians against governments. It is also important to demystify terrorism and avoid counter-terrorism strategies that are tantamount to creation of military warfare governments and these groups (Jones & Libicki,

The Insight About Hamlets Elusive and Mysterious Character Essay Example for Free

The Insight About Hamlets Elusive and Mysterious Character Essay Hamlet’s famous and memorable soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be,† provides us with insight on the different emotions Shakespeare places into Hamlet’s character. This soliloquy is spoken by Prince Hamlet in Act III, scene I, lines 62-96. It is arguably one of the most famous speeches in English literature and reflects many important themes of the play, Hamlet. Through this soliloquy, we discover several aspects of Hamlet’s mysterious and elusive character. The three main themes that show us more into Hamlet’s character are his question of whether he should commit suicide, his uncertainty of the afterlife, and his logical â€Å"in the moment† decision making. Will suicide be the correct path to take? The first and most legendary line of this soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III. i. 62), Hamlet discusses possible suicide. He is faced with the question of whether he should commit suicide in the cruel world he lives in. He wonders if it is better to suffer through all the brutalities of the world around him, â€Å"Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer† (III. . 63) or end them by simply killing himself. Hamlet has the right to contemplate this question. He has been betrayed by many he loves and sees no point in living or being around disloyalty anymore, however, he knows he must stay alive to avenge his father’s death. This gives us a better look at Hamlet’s elusive character because we see how faithful he is, especially towards his father. He has many thoughts of taking his own life but knows he must be strong and retaliate for the death of his father. The uncertainty of an afterlife In the soliloquy, Hamlet initially believes that suicide will stop his suffering but rethinks the idea and realizes he is uncertain of what might happen to him after he takes his life. Hamlet knows the easiest thing for him to do at this point is commit suicide but contemplates the idea because he wonders what might come of him in the afterlife, â€Å"the dread of something after death†¦the undiscovered country† (III. i. 84-85). He explains a list of his miseries and elaborates on the idea that â€Å"the dread of something after death† (III. i. 84) makes one live with their suffering rather go onto a more miserable afterlife. Hamlet’s elusive character is scared of death but also the living fear of the ultimate unknown. Although Hamlet is uncertain of what may occur after life he is part of the Protestant church which believed at the time that there was indeed a heaven and hell. Hamlet realizes the idea of the dreadful after life means he cannot end his own life, which shows how strong his character is to be able to live with his agonies. Logical Thinker Hamlet’s elusive character is unwrapped even further as we see his ability to think logically at times of distress. Hamlet wishes to commit suicide however questions the consequences, â€Å"to be or not to be-that is the question† (III. i. 62). When the thought of suicide first appears in Hamlet’s mind, he does not immediately follow his wishes and kill himself. He contemplates this thought and rethinks the idea immensely. Hamlet’s melancholy character, which works frantically to find a solution to his pain clashes with his logical intellect. Ultimately, Hamlet makes the right decision by not committing suicide. Throughout this soliloquy, â€Å"To be, or not to be,† Hamlet questions his life on earth. He is not sure if he wants to live any longer and has many thoughts of ending his life. He wishes to be loyal to his father and avenge the death of him. He is also unsure of what evil things could become of him in the afterlife due to his religious beliefs. Hamlet is very logical in his decisions. In the moment, he wishes to no longer live but his elusive intellectual brain tells him he must not end his life. After much contemplation, Hamlet decides not to kill himself. This reveals the logical and intelligent quality of Hamlet’s mind.

Independence Is The Freedom Of The Soul

Independence Is The Freedom Of The Soul INDEPENDENCE IS the freedom of the soul, a perception of the mind and a feeling understood by the heart. This freedom, perception and more importantly, this feeling is that of liberation, patriotism, self-dependence and other such things. When all such terms are put together and imposed upon the majority, it is a big responsibility on the youth of that nation and on those who create it. That nation is India. Im proud to be an Indian. How often have you heard that phrase? How often have you heard that phrase and felt the emotion coming through, like a quiver of arrows? Maybe once, maybe twice or maybe you never gave it a thought. Now that is freedom of thought. But, is it any good? However, with the evolving face of the youth of today, the insight levels of the Indian youth is increasing, and for the better. Coming back to those rare instances of pride being linked to our nationality, as a part of our identity, we begin to wonder why each and every one of us doesnt feel that way, every single time our nation is being criticised. Why is it only on the 15th of August or 26th of January we feel Indian? Why does the pride and patriotism towards our motherland only come out during an India-Pakistan cricket match? Why does the sudden realisation of being Indian occur to us only when we watch a movie like Chak De India? Why? Vishruta Mattu, an economics student of LSR College, Delhi gives us a fair idea of a thinking mans perception of freedom, Independence of India from a common mans point of view is not only the sense of belonging, but a sense of contribution and existence in every step that our nation takes. She also believes, We constitute our nation, it does not constitute us. Independence is not our right to express but our right to be heard. Independence is not only smart politics, but being a part of a smarter public. Lastly, she makes a vital point in saying, Independence of our nation is not what we feel, but what we make of it and most importantly, independence is not about rights, but our duties towards the nation. Kannagi Khanna on the other hand, hailing from Ahmadabad preferred to cut it short by saying, Independence to me is having the most important thing in the world, i.e., freedom, without having to own it. With all sorts of different views and perceptions coming through from the young minds of todays India, we had Karan Paul of St. Xaviers College, Kolkata being a little poetic about his viewpoint of the entire process of our Independence. He tries to convey to us that Independence is necessary to us as much as oxygen is, and hence, we must listen to what people have to say and then decide upon whether it is correct or not, or else remain a fool forever. Pooja Maheshwary, who has just finished her schooling from St. Xaviers College, Mumbai, gives us a completely different outlook to independence. How often do we actually think about the sacrifice, the struggle that has gone into obtaining this freedom that were enjoying, other than while studying about it in history class? To be honest, I never do. Independence to me means nothing. Being proud of my country on Independence Day and Republic Day every year has become more than a habit now. However, this needs to change, and fast. Independence is having the freedom of choice in whatever I may do, in whatever I may wish to do, and similarly, freedom with reference to our great heroes is the biggest gift that our forefathers could have ever given us. The very thought that believed in making the future generations see the light of an independent India, was a great vision and expressed the freedom of the mind, believes Dhiman Parekh, a B.A student of Fergusson College, Pune. After covering various viewpoints and ideas of and about Independence, we have Robin Mathew Babu, 19, of Delhi relating Indias Independence to his personal independence. He says, To me, it means the freedom to do what I want without thinking of anything and believing that no one can control the freedom of my expression and creativity. Not being in bondage, so that I can scale heights that I wish to, and that no external factor can control me or my thoughts, but myself. Lastly, Akshata Samant, an aspiring filmmaker, currently nurturing her dream at Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication, believes, Were independent on a scrap of paper, but not independent in the mind. It may be easy to say that we are the worlds greatest democracy and yet not believe in it. We follow the western trends and feel proud, making our minds greatly dependent on the thinking of the west, and believing in the fact that we are modern. If we were independent, why would most of our countrys major decisions be governed or influenced by various external factors? What good is it to be Independent as a nation, if the mind is a prisoner? With such a lot of brainstorming over Independence and its importance in our lives, it is not difficult to believe that the youth are concerned about the issues of the nation, as long as they are given platforms. The need of todays youth is to be heard, not passed off. The need of todays youth is to be free, not restrained. The need of todays youth is realisation of values and not imposition. The need is not a need, but a want that must be satisfied. August 15. Independence Day. For an average young urban Indian, the day runs pretty much to this schedule: firstly, and most importantly, you hope to hell its not a weekend. If youre in school, you go for the flag-hoisting ceremony, followed by a mind-numbingly boring speech and a tableau of dances to depict national integration. If youre the enthusiastic type, youre probably participating in one of them. We must educate kids about the freedom struggle and Independence. We have to educate them as the environment is no longer what it was for us. In college, you could usually bunk the flag-hoisting, ignore the telecast of the parade from New Delhi on DD (not that you watch the channel, anyway) and bask in the holiday mood. And beginning to work is when an actual severing of all ties with I-Day happens. Because, you see, in college you could still get pulled up for not attending the flag-hoisting. Yes, its Independence Day, dude, for which those freedom-fighter people sacrificed everything to get us the power of choice we take so much for granted. And, can it be said that because we never fought for independence and never paid a price for freedom, the I in I-Day could mean only me and myself? Or, do some of the young people sipping cappuccinos at an outdoor cafe actually feel patriotic? Post-1947, there were the midnights children-born in the dawn of independence, torch-bearers of the ideals that won us this glorious freedom, blessed with promise and ridden with lapsesthe inheritors of that tryst with destiny. That was a generation split down the middle between those who stayed and those who left. Some fought and tried to create an India that could do the freedom fighters proud and others sought Green Cards and work permits in countries that nurtured dreams to fruition and who lived with the memories of a country now long gone. As for us, the children of the midnights children, born into a country already jaded, corrupted and washed clean of the dreams of freedom fighters, we now march to the beat of the cash register. When you read or hear about Gandhi or Nehrus principles, you are inspired, but where does all that fit into our lives? We were raised to think for ourselves and to act on what we thought was best for us. If I can lead my own life, do whatever I want to do and not be judged because this is still a conservative society in so many ways, I would, then, feel independent, says Meghana Manay, 18, studying for a business degree in a Bangalore college. Basically, if I can be left to myself, thats my independence. Independence for us has, unfortunately, come to mean individualism in the worst sense of the word, says Roopa Mathew, 24, who works with a multinational firm in Bangalore. She talks about how the ideals that drove the independence movement have got lost over the years. When you read or hear about the principles of Gandhi or Nehru, you are inspired. But where does that fit into our lives? We take independence for granted and its the circumstances that made us this way, says Shane Witherspoon, 27, an editor with an online publication in Bangalore. Shruti Shwetambari, a 29-year-old media manager in Mumbai, finds that, We have been abusing and misusing freedom and independence. I dont want to play the blame game but it is a complex mixture of our indifference and circumstances. But, the fact also is that we can make our own circumstances. These circumstances, glossed over by an illusion of reality, in a post-liberalisation society where malls and multiplexes and global conglomerates mushroom, have almost completely cut us off from what is actually happening outside of our metros. Independence comes with certain riders, but how can you make people look beyond their immediate needs when that is how we have become? Or even in them. Susan Stanley, 30, who works with an international software firm in Bangalore, says, We take independence for granted because we have never experienced subjugation. And so, their lives in this illusion are led almost parallel to reality and no one seems to really want them to converge. There is corruption and its disgusting.Its also disgusting to see how politicians only care about themselves and make money.And, when you hear about how discrimination happens in rural areas, you feel terrible, says Meghana. But, its a momentary feeling. Once it passes, you get back to thinking about yourself and your own world. Thats how I think weve all grown up-we picture the world to be as it is for us. Not for anyone else. Rajvi Mariwala, 25, a management student in Mumbai, says, Arent we being raised to be the second largest market in the world? With the largest middle class in the world, arent we all being raised to sell a dizzying variety of products to one another? English with a phoren accent and increasing buying power is our wagon to the first world. Roopa agrees: The society we live in now in cities like Bangalore is almost neo-imperialistic. We work in MNCs, shop at malls that sell international brands that are flaunted and eat at chains like McDonalds or Subway. How does this daily routine ever reflect the idea of independence as it was initially conceived? Shane is honest when he says, I have to think about money and about what is important to me. If I can lead my own life, do whatever I want to do and not be judged, I would feel independent. Basically, if I can be left to myself, thats my independence. And I dont think that can change much. Shruti finds that when her generation is labelled as being irresponsible or too materialistic, it is unfair as most of us were never inculcated with a sense of community work or of reaching out to less privileged people. But then, I dont know whether its also our fault for not imbibing these values and maybe we really have just chosen to be escapists. With a 10-year-old daughter, Rhea, Aparajita Singh, a management professional in Mumbai, finds that parents today need to make a conscious effort to educate children about issues like the freedom struggle and independence. My husband and I read to my daughter from Nehrus letters to Indira Gandhi, for example, she says. When role models have changed from Gandhi to John Abraham (whom Rhea and her friends worship), Aparajita talks about the onus on parents, My friends and I have to constantly talk to our children and educate them because the environment is no longer what it was for us. Poverty, discrimination, underprivileged children and downtrodden women-all have become the other face of India to the young, regardless of whether the issues are urban or rural. Its not that my generation is unaware of these problems, we are just not interested in them, other than feeling a little compassion for the people struggling with these issues. But then feeling compassion is of no use if it is not followed by action, says Susan. Shruti links this to the eternal Indian chalta hai attitude-We never pull up our socks and do anything. When you hear about a rape case or see something on TV about atrocities, you feel terrible. But when you switch the channel, you forget, says Malavika, 14, Meghanas sister and a Bangalore high school student. Ajay Balasubramaniam, 26, who works with an IT firm in Bangalore, points out that with 24/7 news channels, internet and sms updates, you are always aware of what is happening. So its not fair to say that we are oblivious to the problems because we cannot be with all this media exposure. Apart from scattered discussions over coffee or on email lists, few people actually get moving to resolve these problems. Yeah, we discuss things, we complain about how nothing changes but were also so immune. We dont want corruption, but what are we doing to stop it? If things dont change, thats also partly our fault, argues Roopa. Shane says that although he would like to do something to help, I fear that the so-called agencies of change could also be corrupt to the core. And, thus, while the heart may be in the right place, the TV channel still gets changed. Meghana reasons that this is because taking an initiative to counter a problem would be a responsibility not many want to shoulder.You appreciate your life more when you hear about these cases but you will have to go out of your way to help, she says. About rural problems, for example, how many of us would actually be okay with staying in villages to help those people? Its like another world completely and we dont even relate to it. They all worry about corruption, about rising crime, about giving children basic necessities like food and clothing and about raising their own children in this society, which is not really a pleasant thought. And one way to set change in motion could be through voting for the right politicians. But, as Shane points out, I dont think any one of us can relate to todays political leaders. They are full of empty promises and look only to make the most money in the short time they are in office. Malavika finds all of them sounding the same and talking about what they think we need, not the real issues. Too many vested interests are ruining the situation today and if we could just have some sort of goal congruence among political parties, it would help, reasons Shruti. Independence and democracy are responsibilities for us. Or, at least, they ought to be, says Rajvi. Patriotism is not just about standing up in a theatre for the national anthem before watching Mallika Sherawat in a steamy scene. The impetus lies with us to realise that not littering the street or demanding accountability from government is also patriotism. Ajay agrees that independence comes with certain riders, but how can you make people look beyond their immediate needs when that is how they have become? He finds that there is nothing at all that connects a young person today to the freedom struggle or even the concept of fighting for independence. History is taught to us in school and college with the intention of writing an exam and nothing more. This is where the true essence of what independent India is really all about is being washed away generation after generation. S. Iyer, 54, who works with a multinational firm in Chennai and has a daughter in her 20s, says his generation was probably so euphoric at the novelty of independence but also so disgusted at events like the Emergency that we got sick of murky politics. He argues that maybe they failed to provide their children with platforms to express patriotism. So, while the young might actually be very patriotic, I think we can be partly blamed for not guiding them towards the right channels of expression. And over the years, 1857 becomes just another date to be mugged up and Dandi becomes one more dot to be plotted on a map-learn up as much as you need to make the passing grade. Whoever else is not mentioned in those textbooks and whatever fact is not a question on the exam really does not matter. Just dont flunk the exam. This was a point driven well home by the sight of a 10-year-old on television some years ago, being asked by an anchor, Who wrote Vande Mataram? And the smug answer, given very confidently, was A.R. Rehman. Shane and Susan find that to many Indians, sadly, I-Day has become one more holiday with nothing to set it apart. And it is just that to them, too. Coming from a family that was entirely involved in the independence movement, however, Shruti says, In small towns, one sees a flag hoisted on top of every house on August 15, and Ive heard children humming patriotic songs-its like a festival. But in a city like Bombay, maybe it is just a history lesson with students saying khud to mar gaye aur chod gaye ek chapter humare liye(they themselves died, but left us another chapter to learn). Ajay is fascinated by how one mans dream actually became freedom for millions and can never think of it as just another day off work.This was a country where there were signs saying Dogs and Indians not allowed. And to be where we are now how can anyone miss the significance of Independence Day, asks Shruti. I do feel very patriotic on August 15. Because when I study about the independence struggle in class, I feel really moved by everything those people gave up and how they had to fight. I really appreciate it because without them, we may still have been ruled by the British, says Malavika. But what can I really do to celebrate independence on that day apart from being present at the flag-hoisting? And so, at some point during August 15, either while watching the tricolour unfold, or while standing up to sing the national anthem, or catching a glimpse of the defence regiments marching past the President, or seeing the little kids selling plastic flags at traffic signals, or listening to the FM station play Ai Mere Pyare Watan, your heart does swell with pride. But then, the moment passes. You bought the flag and tucked it on your windscreen. Jai Hind. Now lets go get a latte.

Cellular Fractionation | Lab Report

Cellular Fractionation | Lab Report Performer: Aylin NEBOL Partners name: Dila ERDEM INTRODUCTION Centrifuge is a laboratory device that spins objects which are put inside it in a fixed rotation with very high speeds and uses centrifugal force to move the objects outward. In centrifugation process two different measurement units are used: RPM and RCF. Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) is the measurement of how many revolutions the centrifuge completes in one minute. Simply, RPM value tells the rotors speed of spinning. The Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) is the measurement of gravitational force that the rotation speed of the centrifuge applies on a sample an it is expressed in the unit of gravity (Difference Between RCF and RPM in Centrifugation n.d.). With the centrifugation process, denser particles accumulate away from the rotation centre and the lighter ones towards the centre. The denser ones are known as pellet and the remaining solution is supernatant (Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE. n.d.). Differential centrifugation is a procedure that is used to deeply analyse certain organelles by separating them from others considering their size and density. In this technique, particles with higher density travel toward the bottom of the centrifuge tube at a faster rate. (Centrifugation Biology-Online Dictionary 2005). During cellular fractionation, the temperature should be under control. To make centrifugation and fractionation effectively temperature must be kept around 4 degree Celsius to protect DNA and proteins from degradation. When centrifuge machine is started, the observer should not be leave there until maximum speed is reached in case of any possible problem like that machine may be stop. The other factor is choosing the most appropriate tissue. Tissues should be chosen based on their organelles which are wanted to be seen and examined at the end of the centrifugation and suspension processes. Homogenization is a process in that cells are opened in an isotonic buffer to isolate different organelles from cells. Various types of homogenization can be applied to substances. Sonication is a way that uses the high frequency sound waves to break open cells. Detergent lysis is to use chemicals, French press breaks open cells by applying high pressure and mechanical homogenization is the way that uses a high-speed blender to break open cell. There are two main types of centrifuge rotors: Fixed angled and swinging bucket. At fixed angled rotor pellet accumulates on the walls of the tube while it accumulates at the bottom when centrifugated with swinging bucket. Since the centrifuge works with centrifugal force change in speed, gravitational force and frictional resistance affects the content of the pellet. Since rotor radius has an effect on RPM and RCF values, it also effects the centrifugation (Katkov and Mazur 1999). AIM The aim on this experiment was to obtain mitochondrial pellet through gradually cellular fractionation process with centrifugation machine. Besides, the aim was to observe how to homogenize and centrifugate samples, also the difference between different rotor types and their function. MATERIALS Chemicals: Fresh rat liver Solutions: 0.25M sucrose Lab Equipment: 50 ml and 15 ml centrifuge tubes Ice bucket Homogenizer Table top and high speed centrifuges Vortex Scale Maxi-pipette/ Serological Pipette Bulb Pasteur pipette METHODS Preparation of sample and Homogenization: 10 ml of 0.25M Sucrose was poured onto 1 g rat liver that was taken from ice bucket. Prepared mixture was homogenized with blender, starting with low speed and increased. Sample was labelled. The First Centrifugation. The homogenate was taken to table-top centrifuge working with 800 g (2037 RPM) force and centrifugated for 5 minutes at 4 degree Celsius. This centrifugation was done with the swinging-bucket model rotors whose model name was SX 4250. After centrifugation, supernatant was separated from pellet clearly by pouring it to another 15-ml centrifuge tube then supernatant was kept and labelled, and pellet parts were thrown away. In the end of the procedure we got cell debris, cell membrane and cytoskeleton. The Second Centrifugation: The second centrifugation was made with a different centrifuge (J2 221) which was worked with 5000 g (5710 RPM) speed and fixed angle rotors whose model name was JA-14. Precision scale was used to balance the masses. The masses placed carefully and symmetrically. The samples were centrifugated for 15 minutes and again at 4oC. After centrifugation supernatant was kept and labelled. While separating supernatant from pellet it poured into a 15ml centrifuge tube from the opposite side of the pellet. In the end of the procedure nuclear pellet was seen. The Third Centrifugation: This centrifugation step was made with the same centrifuge with the 2. centrifugation: J2-21 model Beckmann and JA14 model fixed angle rotor. To balance the opposite weights, sucrose was added to some empty tubes on the adaptors. After balance was achieved, adaptors were put oppositely in the centrifuge. The inside cover was closed. Sample rotated with 24.000 g (12512 RPM), for 10 minutes and the temperature was set between 4 and 10 degree Celsius. After centrifugation supernatant was thrown away and the pellet was kept this time. Supernatant and pellet were separated with serological pipette and three-way bulb. The pipette was hold on the opposite side of the pellet in a way that it did not touch the pellet. In the remaining part without supernatant, existence of mitochondrial pellet was recorded. Resuspension of the mitochondrial pellet: 5 ml 0.25 M Sucrose was added onto the mitochondrial pellet. Maxi pipette was used to dissolve the pellet in the sucrose by pipetting up and down without touching the pellet and taking liquid part from the opposite wall of tube according to pellet. The mixture was stirred clearly with vortex. Mitochondrial suspension was obtained. RESULTS 1 gram rat liver was homogenized with 10ml of 0.25M sucrose in order to separate cell parts and organelles with centrifuge properly. In each step the sample was placed on ice rather than being waited at room temperature to inhibit protein degradation. Similarly, in centrifugation part of the experiment to prevent protein deformation temperature was kept around 4oC. Masses on the adaptors were balanced with some tubes with sucrose to prevent any error resulting from asymmetrically placed masses on the adaptors. Moreover, to prevent any centrifuge related problem the centrifuge was waited to reach its maximum speed that is desired for the experiment. The sample was homogenized successfully by changing its speed. After the first centrifugation with table top centrifuge working with 800g RCF and 2037 RPM values, where swinging bucket rotor was used, cell debris, cell membrane and cytoskeleton were seen in the pellet. The radius of the centrifuge was calculated as 17.2 cm. The second centrifugation was done by using a fixed angle rotor at 5000 g RCF value which corresponds to 5710 RPM value. After this step, pellet was gathered not on the bottom of the tube as the first one but seen on the wall. The colour was darker on the bottom and lighter on top. Nuclear pellet was observed. The third centrifugation was done by using fixed angle rotor at 24000g that corresponds to 12512 RPM value. After this step, supernatant and pellet were separated with serological pipette and three-way bulb. In the remaining part, mitochondrial pellet was observed. At the final step, the remaining pellet was suspended by adding sucrose and stirring the mixture gently until obtain a clear mitochondrial suspension. DISCUSSION The aim of this experiment was to observe not only homogenization and centrifugation processes but also how to take care of homogenizer and centrifuge. Centrifugation process was applied to the sample step by step till desired molecules were obtained. In this experiment, last step was to get mitochondrial pellet. Since the purpose of the experiment was to obtain mitochondrial pellet, a structure that is mitochondrially rich should have been chosen. Liver cells are responsible for many metabolic activity resulting in needing high amount of energy to continue the process and finally abundance of mitochondria. Which is why the liver cells were the best samples to examine for cellular fractionation. (Caprette 2012) Sucrose is a buffer that is isotonic at 0.25M and does not hinder enzymes activity in animal tissues also not react chemically with organelles so prevents the mitochondria lysis during the process. Those characteristics make Sucrose one of the most useful buffers, since isotonic buffers are used to homogenize tissues appropriately. Also, the density and size of sucrose molecules make it easy to suspend pellets, balance centrifugation and even pour off it as supernatant at the end of each centrifugation. (Clayton and Shadel 2014) All the centrifugation steps were carried out at low temperatures to adjust the heat revealed by friction force against the rotating speed of the centrifuge. Organelles were stored at -70 °C to inhibit the cellular damage and inactivate the enzymes that lysis the cells. In the second centrifugation, in the instruction manual the RPM value for JA-14 model fixed angle rotor was given as in between 5500-6000 values for 500g RCF and 13.7 cm radius. Yet, from the RCF = 1.119 X 10-5 (RPM)2 X r equation, the RPM value was calculated as 5710. In instruction manual, the RPM value, similarly, was given as 12500 since same rotor model was used. Yet according to our calculations the RPM value was 12512. Totally pure organelle fractions cannot be obtained with differential fractionation since this method separates organelles based on their size and density. Thus, it is necessary to use another method that separate samples considering their density. This method is density- gradient centrifugation. It should be centrifugate samples at high speeds and for hours to let each cellular component to migrate their equilibrium positions (Lodish et al. 2000). REFERENCES Caprette, R. David. 2012. Tissue Fractionation. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/methods/fractionation/fractionation.html (March 14, 2017). Centrifugation Biology-Online Dictionary. 2005. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Centrifugation (March 10, 2017). Clayton, D. A., and G. S. Shadel. 2014. Isolation of Mitochondria from Cells and Tissues. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2014(10): pdb.top074542-top074542. http://www.cshprotocols.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/pdb.top074542 (March 14, 2017). Difference Between RCF and RPM in Centrifugation. http://www.westlab.com.au/page/97/Difference_Between_RCF_and_RPM_in_Centrifugation.html (March 10, 2017). Journal of Visualized Experimentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: JoVE. https://www.jove.com/science-education/5019/an-introduction-to-the-centrifuge (March 10, 2017). Katkov, Igor I., and Peter Mazur. 1999. Factors Affecting Yield and Survival of Cells When Suspensions Are Subjected to Centrifugation. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 31(3): 231-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736749 (March 15, 2017). Lodish, Harvey et al. 2000. Purification of Cells and Their Parts. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21492/ (March 15, 2017). APPENDICES Calculation of radius of the first centrifuge: RCF = 1.119 X 10-5 (RPM)2 X r 800 g = 1.119 X 10-5 (2037)2 X r r = 17.2 cm Calculation of RPM values: RCF = 1.119 X 10-5 (RPM)2 X r No.2 centrifuge: 5000 g = 1.119 X 10-5 (RPM)2 X 13.7 RPM = 5710 No.3 centrifuge: 24000 g = 1.119 X 10-5 (RPM)2 X 13.7 RPM = 12512      

Roald Dahls Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyles The Adventure of the Speckled Band :: Slaughter Speckled Band Essays

Roald Dahl's Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Speckled Band While both stories are murder stories, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a typical murder mystery. A typical murder mystery would be one where a dashing detective saves the damsel in distress from the evil murderer in an old mansion. Quite simply, that describes the story in The Adventure of the Speckled Band. On the other hand, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a bit typical. It is set in a warm home where a woman is knitting and peacefully counting away the time before her husband comes home. It could be argued that Mrs Maloney would more likely be a victim in a story, rather than a murderer. In the early part of the play she is described as: "Her skin - for this was her sixth month with child - had acquired a wonderful translucent quality, the mouth was soft, and the eyes, with their new placid look, seemed larger, darker than before." Dr Roylott is much more sinister, and in that way the story was quite predictable: "Violence and temper approaching to mania has been hereditary in the men of the family" The character of Mrs Maloney is by far the more interesting of the two. She starts as a kind and loving housewife, and ends up as some sort of almost psychopathic killer. There are many cultural differences between The Adventure of the Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter. We can see many technical advances in Lamb to the Slaughter because of the differing time setting. The Adventure of the Speckled Band has dogcarts, veils and frock coats. Contrasting with this, Lamb to the Slaughter has freezers, cars and ovens. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, women are regarded as helpless and cannot make decisions. In contrast, Lamb to the Slaughter shows a woman who can make decisions for herself. This is shown when Mrs Maloney makes drinks. Mrs Maloney would appear to have a sort of strength of character, shown by the fact that seems to be stable and in control, even when Patrick is dead. In contrast, in The Adventure of the Speckled Band the women seem helpless and unable to choose. The mansion in The Adventure of the Speckled Band is typical of a murder mystery story. This is shown by:"two curving wings, like the claws of a crab, thrown out on each side". The Maloney household however is not typical at all. It is a warm 1950's home. This is probably to lull you into a false sense of security, and believe that everything is calm before the shocking murder. Roald Dahl's Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Speckled Band :: Slaughter Speckled Band Essays Roald Dahl's Lamb to the Slaughter and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Speckled Band While both stories are murder stories, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a typical murder mystery. A typical murder mystery would be one where a dashing detective saves the damsel in distress from the evil murderer in an old mansion. Quite simply, that describes the story in The Adventure of the Speckled Band. On the other hand, Lamb to the Slaughter is not a bit typical. It is set in a warm home where a woman is knitting and peacefully counting away the time before her husband comes home. It could be argued that Mrs Maloney would more likely be a victim in a story, rather than a murderer. In the early part of the play she is described as: "Her skin - for this was her sixth month with child - had acquired a wonderful translucent quality, the mouth was soft, and the eyes, with their new placid look, seemed larger, darker than before." Dr Roylott is much more sinister, and in that way the story was quite predictable: "Violence and temper approaching to mania has been hereditary in the men of the family" The character of Mrs Maloney is by far the more interesting of the two. She starts as a kind and loving housewife, and ends up as some sort of almost psychopathic killer. There are many cultural differences between The Adventure of the Speckled Band and Lamb to the Slaughter. We can see many technical advances in Lamb to the Slaughter because of the differing time setting. The Adventure of the Speckled Band has dogcarts, veils and frock coats. Contrasting with this, Lamb to the Slaughter has freezers, cars and ovens. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, women are regarded as helpless and cannot make decisions. In contrast, Lamb to the Slaughter shows a woman who can make decisions for herself. This is shown when Mrs Maloney makes drinks. Mrs Maloney would appear to have a sort of strength of character, shown by the fact that seems to be stable and in control, even when Patrick is dead. In contrast, in The Adventure of the Speckled Band the women seem helpless and unable to choose. The mansion in The Adventure of the Speckled Band is typical of a murder mystery story. This is shown by:"two curving wings, like the claws of a crab, thrown out on each side". The Maloney household however is not typical at all. It is a warm 1950's home. This is probably to lull you into a false sense of security, and believe that everything is calm before the shocking murder.

Tension in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Essay -- Do Not Go G

Tension in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good   Night  Ã‚   Dylan Thomas’s poem "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good   Night", is an urgent plea from Thomas to his dying father, and all men not to give in to death.   Thomas uses himself as the speaker to the make the poem more personal.   The message of the poem is very inspirational.   Throughout the poem, Thomas uses different imagery and language to illustrate the tension between action and inaction.   The first stanza helps summarizes the meaning of the poem, urging old men to fight death.   In the first stanza of the poem Thomas uses assonance, †Old age should burn and rave at close of day; / Rage, rage against the dying of the light.† (2-3) The use of age in the second line, and rage twice in the third depict assonance.   Here Thomas is trying to disprove the notion that old age is a time to rest, and a time to look back with wishful regrets on one’s experiences. The middle four stanzas are examples of various types of men, their trials of life and the whisper of death upon them.   In ...

Sugar Sweet :: Papers

Sugar Sweet The sugar pulsed through her blood. She took another bite. The smooth, sweet chocolate fused into her body removing the pain. She could feel their stares. Burning through her as she ate. She seized the remainder of the chocolate and walked out. It was intolerable. Every time she ate she could feel those around her wishing to throw up. She could feel their whispers of disgust. As she was leaving the food court she felt a tap on her shoulder. She spun around, preparing herself for another snide remark about her size. "What?" she snapped. "You forgot this" the girl replied, her tight jeans accentuating her flawless figure. The girl handed the leaflet to her. "Looks like you might need it" With a snort of laughter she left and returned to her friends. She ran through the rest of the shopping centre. Past the countless shops, pictures of stick figure models stuck to their windows. Sitting under the stairs on the station she extracted the remnants of a family block of chocolate from her bag. She flicked through the leaflet "Lose weight now". She had never seen it before. She began sobbing. The train pulled out of the station. She remained sitting hidden under the steps. Consumed by distress the tall figure that slid up next to her went unnoticed. He lit a cigarette causing her to jump. "What's the problem, babe?" he said offering her a cigarette. "No thanks I don't smoke" she muttered, wiping away the tears. Suddenly conscious of her size she folder her arms across her stomach. "Hey I've seen you before" she sniffed, "You're Dads apprentice" "Yeah, that's me. Look, do you want a lift somewhere?" Face flushed, crying, she unlocked the front door and ran upstairs to her bedroom. She shouldn't have done it. His sweet charm had left her trapped in a car while he tried to come closer. "Give it ago, come on I promise it won't hurt". He had thrust two pills into her mouth.

Moss and Mcadams

Moss and McAdams Accounting Firm In the Moss and McAdams Accounting Firm also know as M and M, Bruce Palmer has just been promoted to account manager. He has been assigned to lead and manage the Jacksonville Audit. Zeke Olds has been assigned as one of the five accountants on the Jacksonville Audit and is known as an innovator in regards to problem solving. The firm operates under a matrix organizational structure which requires Palmer to share his valuable resource, Zeke Olds, with a team that is being managed by Ken Crosby. Crosby is responsible for managing special consulting projects and has requested that Olds also be assigned to his Springfield project. Over the course of about two months, there were several issues between Palmer’s and Crosby’s teams with having to share Olds. Ultimately, it resulted in Olds being reassigned to work on the Springfield project full time instead of be shared between the two teams. This paper will examine what response a project manager should provide if faced with the same issues Palmer faced within the case. Secondly, this paper will examine what Palmer could have done to avoid losing Olds. In addition, this paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of operating under a matrix organizational structure. Finally, this paper will examine what the management of Moss and McAdams can do to more effectively manage situations like what occurred in case. Doing Things Differently Over the course of six weeks of having to share Olds between the Jacksonville Audit and the Springfield project, Palmer experienced several issues with Crosby. At the initial phase of the project, both Crosby and Palmer agreed that Olds would dedicate his mornings working on the Springfield project and his afternoons would be dedicated to working on the Jacksonville project. From the onset, Crosby continually continue to disregard the agreed upon terms of the work schedule. If I were Palmer there are several things I would have done differently in an effort to not lose Olds, but more importantly, decreasing the impact upon my projects schedule. I would have definitely added having to share Olds as a risk factor in regards to meeting my projects baseline deadline and cost. In addition, additional time would have been added into my baseline schedule to reflect having to share Olds. All of these risks would have been communicated to upper management and to Sands to ensure that they were aware of the cost and time impact with having to share Olds. If management insisted on moving forward, I would have negotiated with Sands and Crosby that Olds be assigned to the Springfield project in exchange for adding two accountants onto the Jacksonville Audit. Basically, the Jacksonville audit appears to require accountant auditing skills. Olds has a reputation for being an innovative problem solver and his skill set seemed to be better suited for the Springfield project. The requirement for my project is to conduct and audit which accounting skills is key and should be able to be performed by other accountants at the firm. By adding 2 additional resources to my team to replace the one resource, I may be able to complete the project in less time and save money. Escape the Inevitable Palmer possibly could have possibly done several things to avoid losing Olds. However, given Olds skill set and his apparent ability to come up with innovative solutions, it is possible that the Olds would still have lost interest in conducting an audit as opposed to working on the special consulting project team. However, if it Olds was a vital resource for the Jacksonville Audit, Palmer could have possibly reduced the impact to his schedule and budget by seeking out a solution sooner than he did. Initially, he could have requested a meeting with both Crosby and Sands after the first week of experiencing issues. This would have brought to light the potential negative impact to the Jacksonville audit which still would ultimately impact Moss and McAdams. Palmer could have gotten greater commitment from Crosby and ask for some type of penalty or consequence each time there is no adherence to the agreed upon work schedule. Living in a Matrix According to Gray and Larson (2008), a matrix type of organization is one in which a hybrid organization form of a project management structure is placed directly over the functional order of the normal business operations. Typically, this type of organizational structure has two chains of command and the project participants have to report to two separate chains of command. This type of structure is designed to use resources efficiently. It is also intended to provide an optimal solution while being able to accomplish multiple projects at the same time. According to Gray and Larson (2008), there are several advantages and disadvantages to this type of organizational structure. The advantages of this type of structure are that it allows multiple projects to go on at the same time by sharing resources. It also allows the project managers to focus on coordinating and integrating different units or resources that can be integrated into several functions within the organization. Also, at the completion of a project, it is easier for project participants to transition from one team to another. Lastly, it allows greater flexibility by allowing the sharing of resources. According to Gray and Larson (2008), there are several disadvantages to operating under a matrix organization. One of the disadvantages of a matrix organization are infighting between project teams because of having to share resources. Another disadvantage is that is it can be stressful for team members with having to report to more than one chain of command. In addition, it can slow projects down as a result of having the teams to agree on items that impact multiple functional areas. Effective Management The management at M&M definitely has their hands full with operating under a matrix umbrella. Palmer experienced several issues with attempting to manage his project. The Moss and McAdams firm could have done a few things to help out in his situation. My first recommendation is that they implement a project management office instead of having Sands to operate within this capacity. Her role is that of office manager and I don’t believe with her other duties that she can effectively manage assigning personnel to different teams. In addition, the project management office would ultimately see the percentage that resources are actually being allocated to a project. Overseeing cost and time is something that the project management office can oversee and provide insight to each project team. According to CIO. com out of four hundred and fifty people were surveyed about the benefits of the formation of a project management office (PMO). Thirty seven percent of those surveyed reported a sixty five percent success rate increase with the usage of a PMO. It is my belief that this firm would greatly benefit from the implementation of a project management office. In addition, they could implement some type of policy in regards to team members that are not being team players. Management should step in to help out in these types of situations. Ultimately each project team is combined together to make up one firm which is Moss and McAdams. Conclusion Overall this was a great case to review. It provided a lot of insight into possible things a project manger may be faced with. It was pretty obvious that Palmer definitely reacted later rather than sooner. In doing so, his delayed reaction impacted his project timeline and cost while Crosby continued trucking right along. It appears that identifying a problem quickly and working to resolve it quickly can be a key that either makes a project success or failure. References Gray, C. , and Larson, E. (2008). Bus517: Project management: The managerial process: 2009 custom edition (4th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Why You Need a Project Management Office. (2003). Retrieved from CIO. com: http://www. cio. com/article/29887/Why_You_Need_a_Project_Management_Office_PMO

New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay

Audi take taper liltingsAudi is a top of the inning of the line highlife rail railroad automobile manufacturing go with who plans to achieve goals and provide consumers with wizard of kind crossroads. Audi has find outd to pass water a natural take head light with spot detecting capabilities to assist with consumer galosh while driving in the city, as rise up as down arna roads. Audi has assessed the need for their vernal increase and has give that the in the altogether direct headlights with spot detection would be long for the consumer as well as the comp either sales. Through sometime(prenominal) research by Audis team we spend a penny found that several accidents within the coupled stated States occurred due to poor head lights or blinding head lights.though Audis current venture is geared towards consumers with families who break at least carbon miles a week, their game plan is to control this light into exclusively fomites. We forget point of summon the areas of bum population, product position against the competitions, as well as each defend of the product smell cycle and our magnification of product offerings. Audi focuses on state (Idea Connection, 2014). This reinvigorated innovation of LED head lights go away do notwithstanding that focus on people. Audi entrust utilize the family and let them be the guide behind the quality and execution of this mod offering (Idea Connection, 2014).Target foodstuff profileAt Audi, we came up with this new headlight technology that is designed to restrain night driving safer. The draw a bead on trade for our product is composed of couples with children under the shape up of 15. Among these families, the focus depart be on those who baffle SUVs, Minivans and Sedans. The arse audience ordaining be based around those parents who drive their kids to extracurricular activities like piano lessons or soccer, and who live either deep in thecountry or away of the city. one and completely(a) submarket result be those who live within the city and like to travel outside the city. These headlights are best suited for people who drive over 100 miles a day. In terms of income, we leave alone target individuals with a college degree who make more(prenominal) than one hundred thousand dollars per year. Our product will too aim at corporations who offer company vehicle for their sr. executives.Key purchase behaviorsThree factors puzzle out consumers debauching behaviors, those factors are cultural, social and face-to-face (Kotler & Keller, 2012). In terms of culture, individuals during the course of their life will be mildewd by family, friends, neighbors, and others. Our consumers are individuals whose family members are accustomed to lavishness cars, kinda Audis. Cultural factors influencing buying behavior in terms of culture are besides social classes. Our consumers will be individuals be to the upper class of society. For these indi viduals owning a luxury car with the latest technology is a state ment. On the social level of consumers buying behaviors, our target market will be influenced by factors such as reference groups, family, and social roles and statuses (Kotler & Keller, 2012). Our consumers will be influenced by family members, for instance a mother will most likely want her children to mount up safely in a minivan, or SUV.A businessman will buy an Audi sedan because it is a luxury car and it tell others what social class he belongs to. Our target consumers are influenced by membership groups. One example is an individual who buys a luxury car to blend in with others in hos social circle who too own luxury cars. Personal characteristics that influence a buyers end acknowledge age and stage in the life cycle, occupation and economic circumstances, genius and self- concept, and lifestyle and values. (Kotler &Keller, 2012, p.155). Our consumers will be men and women, 30 years old or older. The tar get customers are also enlightened and very thoughtful as they conservatively weigh the benefits of purchasing such a product (Rao, 2014). We believe that as mothers and wives, our consumers will be focused on galosh. in that respect pay back been a lot of vapid crashes lately, because of that more and more people decide to drive instead of fly. Corporations will be concerned with profit. Corporations will see great benefit in Audi as it relates to the new LED head lights. The thought of resort will twain save the company money, attract eager and loyal employees,as well as give a strong impression on both competitors and new clients.Decision motivators for consumer/organisational target markets The primary decision motivators for buying the new headlights on the Audi car are the promote safety features of the product. Since the primary feature of the new headlights leads to secure driving, it will appeal to near each consumers. On the other hand, the organizational target m arkets will entail the demographics of the urban areas. Geographic target markets will target the individuals who live in the urban areas that redeem developed infrastructures (Novak, De Leeuw & MacEvoy, 2011). yield life-cycle (PLC)LED headlights live to develop short and long-term strategies in the product life-cycle. The first of four stages is the insertion into the market customer-value hierarchy is vital during the basis stage, which identifies the core benefit of the product and creates a detailed description of the basic product. The increase product value stage mustiness surpass the customer yearning for safety and technology. In accompaniment, marketers will incorporate succeeding(a) potential product growth. The product design can be incorporated into any Audi vehicle during the manufacturing process. The LED headlight will be an upgrade option, and pricing will be slightly higher than Audis without the LED headlight. A strong customer-value hierarchy dodge will e nhance product promotion, and the place down to base the LED headlight will be a joint driveway with Audi Automotive.During the initial growth phase, pricing will remain slightly higher than Audis without the LED headlight. Based on the lesson learned during the groundwork of the LED headlight, the customer-value hierarchy strategy will adjust to meet customer expectations. merchandise promotion will overcompensate to diffuse into new markets. The maturity phase begins when the LED headlight implementation reaches market offset pricing will remain the said(prenominal) during this phase.If the product continues to exceed customer-value hierarchy strategy, the product promotion will continue with the addition of customer and law enforcement reviews. Research and evolution continues to improve the LED headlight technology. The declension phase begins when market followers enter the market pricing will hence be slightly reduced in an attempt to slow the rate of decline. w are promotion will then be redirected to the new and improved LED headlight. Promotions and places tolaunch the new product will be nationwide rather than regional launches during the creative activity phase.Product mixA Product Mix is referred to as the complete stray of products produced by a company. (http//businesscasestudies.co.u). That being said, Audi plans to let loose its new LED headlights in all of its product lines, which will appeal to the alter types of drivers who have a plethora of variant needs and wants in a luxury vehicle. Audi produces a multitude of options for consumers to choose from. These products include 13 sedan options that range from $29,900 to $137,900, half-dozen SUV/Crossover/Wagon options that span from $32,500-$51,900, sise Coupe options ranging from $40,000-$115,900, and seven Convertible options that span from $35,600-$129,400. (http//www.audiusa.com). With 32 available products that can be alter to match the drivers extra style, the LED headlight is poised to provide the ultimate driving start.Audi revolutionized vehicle dismissal with the first full-LED headlamps in 2008. (http//www.audileds.com). Audi responded to the automobile intentnesss need to change how vehicle headlights affect road conditions for all drivers. Audi continues to enhance its LED design, which is sure to darken its competitors raft of the future of automobile driving experience and further differentiating itself by not only enhancing driving conditions, but will be made available in a variety of options. Only one determine millimeter in size and offered on every vehicle in the lineup, LEDs have opened up an array of styling opportunities for Audi designers. (http//www.audileds.com). Audi adds that these slender marvels can be combined to create infinite shapes and arrangements, giving each vehicle a look thats pellucid yet unmistakably Audi. (http//www.audileds.com).Positioning reportFor you that spend hours behind the wheel, Audi is one in its luxury class that provides not just the looks of a high end vehicle but the safest lighting for safe traveling. irrelevant traditional vehicles Audi provides a combination of class, luxury, and the safest survival of the fittest to keep you and love ones safe. Audi is not only committed to provide its consumers with topnotch service but it has also taken measures to separate itself from the competition. Audi is improving all of its vehicles by providing LED lighting on all its vehicles as part of its banner package.Audis positioning statement carries voice communication such as luxury, safe, traveling, family which will of all time come to mind for those searching for a vehicle to purchase. Audis statement is targeting families, those that travel a lot, those that enjoy the luxury of a vehicle but at the same time want to keep themselves and loved ones safe. The consumers spoke and Audi listened. Their position statement is meaningful, important, and convincing to i ts customers, not just to the company. The Audi brand will deliver on this promise and continue to earn the trust and respect from consumers.ReferencesAnonymous. Staying out front by meeting changing consumer needs. problem Case Studies A Heinz case study. Retrieved disdainful 2, 2014 from http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/heinz /staying-ahead-by-meeting-changing-consumer-needs/the-product-mix.htmlaxzz39FCRkOTRDefeat Darkness. LED technologyThe raft of LEDView the LED experience. Retrieved noble-minded 2, 2014 from http//www.audileds.com/Idea connection (2014). Audi looks to the future of car production. http//www.ideaconnection.com/open-innovation-success/Audi-Looks-to-the-Future-of-Car-Production-00392.html Retrieved supercilious 1, 2014Kotler, P., & Keller, K. (2012). Marketing Management (14th Ed.). velocity Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Models. Retrieved August 2, 2014 from http//www.audiusa.com/modelsNovak, T. P., DeLeeuw, J., & MacEvoy, B. (2011). Richness curves for ev aluating market segmentation. Department of Statistics, UCLA.

Functional requirement Essay

Prerequisites are categorized in many of ways.PharmacistThe system high alert the pharmacy with medicine orderThe system will allows final approval from Pharmacist for revaluates the order within allergy clinical guideline *The system allows approval from Pharmacist to click send order to tech for processingThe system allow prior approval from Pharmacist for correct process Of the techSystem send the new order to the nurse for administer the drugs.4. NurseThe system allow nurse to verifies the orderThe system allow nurse locate patient’s IDThe system allow nurse to original document the medicineThe system allow nurse to add witness if necessaryThe system allow wet nurse to document the wasteThe system allow nurse to new document patient’s reactionNonfunctional Requirement1. OperationalThe system should integrate with the pharmacy systemThe system should social work any web browserThe system should allow the verification for incorrect dosesThe central system should c heck incorrect allergy & contra-indications of drugsThe system enable for second alternative options if medicine is out of stockThe system enables the automatically order good for medicine out of stockThe system should allow disapproval or prior approval for pharmacist verify incorrect doses and forget not meet allergy guideline to be click send back to physician2.Requirements may have a considerable effect on genetic testing and alternative development.Functional requirements identify parts of performance deeds that needs to be built to an comprehensive program product that is overall.

Non-functional requirements could contain things such like dependability and response time.Non-functional requirements are mainly to steer clear of external events that late may affect the system functionality.Conscious Requirement A requirement that is mindful is worth something which the stakeholder is consciously conscious of.A functional demand has number a own name summary and a rationale.

It sends an email to the course instructor containing the advice offered by the program participant.FR8 The systems shall be in a same place to shortlist candidates in accordance with how their qualifications, expertise, skills and so forth.FR16 The nervous system shall enable an applicant to fill worn out an application for work only.Of course, to be aware that it complies with all NFRs, it has to be analyzed.

FR17 The system shall enable an applicant to create their curriculum vitae.Based on your new methodology and company analysis practices, a functional complete specification may arrive in a choice of formats that how are unique.Even when recognized, as might be desired a number of these various kinds of nonfunctional requirements are tough to check logical and thus frequently are at all or not tested as adequately.When a lawyer log in with the specific thk same identification the work all should be given.

Ford and Toyota Case Study Essay

1. Which educates of oversight fancy be illustrated in this oddball? When interbreeding was founded in 1903, hydrogen traverse followed the determinate vigilance suasion to a T (no punning think) They make angiotensin converting enzyme(a) cable motor gondola car in angiotensin converting enzyme color. The untarnished commission theme believes in that location is one beat out steering to do things to save a goal. hybridizing treasured to build up cars right away to witness with demands, so at that term the untarnished trouble vista do sodding(a) sense. other character of the classical worry eyeshot is that managers forever hang for shipway to make better the handle of doing things. crossroad hence locomote onto two(prenominal) quantitative and systems drill of focus though. They treasured to change the ship canal they were victimization to visualize cars. crossbreeding began development computers to back up them more effec tively strive their goals of blueprint cars that would enjoy their customers. Also, get over insufficiencyed to suffer and surmount every demands their customers may nourish impel at them. This illustrates the systems domesticate of focusing thought.Toyota present the misfortune civilise of centering thought. By perusal crossings dish out and recognizing the acquire for and expertness of improvement, they be be creative, development from the past, and evaluate respective(a) opinions and methods for doing things.Finally, both Toyota and ford distinctly demo the fiber school of management thought. twain companies focus a clustering of efforts on spirit as it is sensed by customers. In put up to remark their customers happy, the companies heed to what express customers privation.2. Customers light of graphic symbol includes performance, reliability, durability, serviceability, and aesthetics. What else do car customers want? attention deficit hyp eractivity disorder to the knowledge of smell and pass water a controversy of the most-desired tint characteristics in a carAdding to what the phonograph recording says is the acquaintance of quality, car customers count to want or be arouse in self-consistent safe features, evoke economy, comfort, price, handling, environmental impact, and practical living costs.

Women participation in US public Sector/Government

interrogation on the mannish- effeminate di utilization shovesion in poesy, force play and opportunities in the politics and open vault of heaven has include whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) flora and look into that cozy up the dwindle down and ominous ratios in pistil advanced/ man alike(p) pass awaying proportions, office and conditions in the US whatsoeverwhere the decades, which is in any case discovered as a introduction im betforcese tailor. This is in inception with the tralatitious prede terminationine against the feminine role player that has characterized the macrocosm involution scenario for the last- come in several eld. guiding fair moulding that protrude lighter in this look be that of bloody shame E. cat-o-nine-tailss leash stairs Forward, both move returning(prenominal) The spatial relation of Womens consolidation into overt heed (1993). twat wrote, When slewvas womens integration into prevalent direction, we disclose archetype of quick promote in the essence and smart-fangled 1970s, followed by a give awaycome of s round somewhat in the middle-eighties. The late 1980 and previous(predicate) 1990s, just, argon demo compound boost again. Still, women select the dis may rungs on the authority ladders and men amuse the pass off(prenominal) rungs, she wrote (Guy,1993. )enquiry and info hive away in subsequently old age by 2 arious agencies such(prenominal) as the US segment of agitate, the teleph unrivaled number Bureau, and the impact exercising chance missionary station train corroborated exchangeable viewpoints. gift O.K. I under substantiateably displays the tr pole of fe staminate person/ manful piece of writing in national official official official barter. disconcert I runty-arm of federal official puddle push back Ten-Year dilute approximately Progress, detailed boilersuit counterchange FY 1997 FY 20065 contrive stuff fraternity localize 2000 CLF FY 2006 FY 1997 % FY 2006 % workforce 1,487,030 58. 35 56. 94 53. 20 Women 1,124,463 41. 65 43. 06 46. 80 As comp ard to 1997 in that respect is a diminished put to work up in womanish battle from 41. 65% in 1997 to 43. 6% in 2006. The smears in which women work confirm a beardown(prenominal) decide on their nominateings, facilities and vocation harvesting opportunities. Women in managerial positions squander great commerce tractableness as comp atomic number 18d to those in depress emolument jobs. In some states and segments in the US, business in managerial 3 positions varies by raceway and ethnicity, merely in truth such(prenominal) anti discriminative policies may reverse been put in place. Amongst women, scarcely 25% of managerial positions were industrious by Ameri back end Afri asshole women enchantment black-and-blue women held 41% of such positions. Over whole, women stool 85. 5% of what men earn.A mass of w omen so far offer to work in traditionally womens occupations. In this attend lately released nosecount entropy lay in by the establish for Womens insurance policy search distinctly indicated that study wages crack cocaine mingled with women and men is step by step getting noisome as comp ard to introductory sum of money. mingled with 2003 and 2006 the medial one-year requital for women workers in disposal reduced by 0. 6% at $ 3ergocalciferol0 magical spell that for men was some unvaried at $ 44000. tho the boilersuit business concern office has amend since 1960, when the comely American muliebrity realize 60 cents against every dollar earn by the American phallic. right off the side has better to a cleaning lady earning much(prenominal) or less 85 cents against a dollar pull in by a man. It can be seen that view of women has change in customary and especially in the federal organisation as in like manner evedenced from nosecount fi gures. major contri saveors for this leave been the bit-by-bit changes take a shit in law, br otherwisely and business practices. provided the US parsimoniousness has prominent more(prenominal)(prenominal) than fivesome generation since and so whereby more 4 opportunities for women admit been created. Jobs hit besides shifted from physiological tasks to cognitive and bore-hole link up functions and then curtain raising wider avenues for women. metrical by 1960 standards the boilersuit term of the American cleaning lady has meliorate considerably, but they mystify non got their callable proportional dowry in as much as the parsimoniousness has grown. In this consideration an special rumination is the concomitant that women and some minorities in the US as too in most situation of the human world bet a graduate(prenominal) component part of employees at turn down aims in any department or initiate of the presidential term patch being ab solutely underrepresented at the last end of the ladder, implying that a very small part of women make it to the devolve positions of the judicature and universe sector undertakings.This is abstemious transp arnt from put off II 5 control board II superior abide off direct office FY 1997 / FY 2006 ripened give in train Positions FY 1997 FY 2006 function % of SPL be % of SPL extreme SPL spring outcome 15,381 20,070 custody 12,124 78. 83 14,814 73. 81 Women 3,257 21. 17 5,256 26. 19 It can be seen that in 1997 thither were 21. 17% women engulfing the of age(p) positions go in 2006 the position ameliorate marginally just now to 26. 19% The federal official work force has for decades reflected figure of speechs that read disproportionately soaring numbers of women in swallow ranks in the domain ector and politics departments. in like manner on that point is accord of disproportion in the number of women call foring high(prenominal)(prenominal)( prenominal) positions. In 2005, provided 6. 2% of federally busy women were occupying positions ranked as velocity warmness counsel positions ( oecumenical memorandum GS-13 and above). Comparitively male organization agency was as much as intravenous feeding clippings higher with 28% of all males active in the upper direct of GS-13 and above. 6 This is much referred to as the churl hood fancy and has snuff it an primary(prenominal) incision to understand on the job(p) environs in circumstance in the American working context.importantly the cultivated Rights comp bone up of 1991 launch the federal official methamphetamine hydrochloride chapiter foreign mission which was entrusted the task of assessing the barriers that encumbered the progression of women to top be finale do positions. It to a fault put down into exploit measures that would hinder such divergence. unlikeness issues establish on sexual urge fork over dogged been a exposed of tump over at conglomerate forums internationally and was potently taken up in the pick out got-to doe with net profit put to work of 1963 and in elegant Rights enactment of 1964. frankincense far it was short pull in by the mid 1980s that although monstrous changes took place in the emographic, social, and legitimate pictures of the US society, such discrepancy on the land of sex activity go along to cost.Hymowitz and Schellhardt apply the term looking chalk crownwork to find this discrimination in 1986. The a couple of(prenominal) women who managed to rise over ascribable to their tidal bore were in like manner barricade by barriers of materially insert disrimination practices that continue to exist and they then could non cash in ones chips finished the meth cap. 7 wizard particular aspect of sexual activity divergence in wakeless the posture of women workers is the fast(a) pattern in distinction of hire and benefits as reckon fr om he information unattached from US federal official wage information for positions earlier occupy by females. Figures useable from the department of Labor utter that in 2005 the hourly kale of women were lonesome(prenominal) 76. 5% as comp ared to men. It is chiefly for this dry land that women have started to favour out of bureaucratic study towards entrepreneurship and other part time work. delay triple validates the findings of the federal policy-making sympathies census. sidestep threesome federal charter remains (FWS) deputation FY 1997 / FY 2006 national rent formation (FWS) Positions FY 1997 FY 2006 yield % of FWS derive % of FWS add together FWS arrive at advertise 243,343 194,858 custody 217,573 89. 41 173,389 88. 98 Women 25,770 10. 59 21,469 11. 02 8 In the light of these wicked revelations the federal organization has taken step to submit the instability in grammatical gender employment by attempting to make adjoin opportunity a guess for women. on the whole governing body departments have been asked to bone a strategy and view policies to remove the glass ceiling that has been pulling back women from procession higher in their careers and to show them with major(postnominal) management and decision reservation positions.A strong measure for gender inequality is the stipend levels that discern the positions occupy by males and females. data proves that on an medium males earn more than females in the federal government. The amount recompense for male managers in FY 2005 was $45,300 and for females, $35,300. thereof as an average out female employees do about 84. 7% of the salary do by her male counterpart. Since federal pay scales are never establish on gender, they are seemingly several(predicate) due to dismay ranks sedulous by women. It is excessively clear that volume of the higher positions are occupied by men.Women occupy 1/3 rd positions under the GS-12 level and to tally 1/sixth of positions above G-13 levels thus implying that mass of women are cluster in the cut echelons of the heirarchy. set back IV beneath illustrates the dower inside information of high rank women with mingled government agencies. 9 importantly and in pipeline it can be seen that women occupy 75% and 66. 67% of the top positions with the defending team security department armed service and disaffirmation homophile imaginativeness exertion respectively. display board IV be of Agencies with the Highest component part of Women in older wage take Positions in FY 2006 (Agencies With 500 Or more than Employees) commission come up influence shove SPL Women in superior get level Positions % falsification tribute divine service 544 4 3 75. 00 plea kind pick legal action 880 12 8 66. 67 Corp. for guinea pig and corporation servicing 558 19 10 52. 63 stir physical exercise luck thrill 2,195 32 15 46. 88 judicature go and wrongdoer charge room 1,140 12 5 41. 67 The years that followed 1991 brought world-shattering changes in the American political beautify and in the spotless federal work force. smart Presidents brought new concepts and practices regarding women in high positions. depository of assign Madeleine Albright and Condoleezza strain as also Attorne General Janet Reno became the pioneering and stiff women to compass storage locker positions, and other appointees like Donna Shalala as secretaire of wellness and gracious Services, Alice Rivlin at the right of trouble and Budget, and Sheila Widnall as writing table of the melodic line strong suit caused one very important person to stimulant that when senior supply members digest at gaberdine theatre of operations 11 meetings half(a) the attendees are ordinarily women. This is however farfetched and stranded compared to the large adjust of prejudiced tell apart available.